How the invention of elevators and lifts changed the way buildings were built

Whenever new scientific and technological inventions are made, they change how we live. Aeroplanes changed the way we travel long distances, cellphones changed the way we communicate, and AI is changing the way people do their jobs. What were some innovations that had a massive impact on the forms buildings took?

The elevator

The tallest building today has 163 floors. You’d have to climb over 3,000 steps to reach the top, while an elevator would take you there in around a minute. The humble passenger lift had a huge impact on buildings; it’s the reason why so many skyscrapers exist across the world, for people to live, work and occupy floors several dozen feet above the ground.

The invention of the safety brake made elevators common and led to the construction of taller buildings across the world.
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Before the invention of the elevator, tall buildings were mainly in the form of cathedrals, temples and monuments. The idea of an elevator or lift has also existed in the form of manually pulled ropes and pulleys, which were used for construction, moving goods, and sometimes people. But they were never considered for large-scale human use because, if the rope broke or gave way, the elevator could come crashing down!

The device that changed this was the invention of the safety brake by American industrialist Elisha Otis in the mid-1850s. So now, even if there is a failure, the lift will stop in the shaft and not cause injury to the riders. This breakthrough made elevators common and led to the construction of taller buildings across the world.

Air Conditioning

Have you stayed at a hotel with a long, closed corridor and repeated rooms on both sides? Such a building would be extremely uncomfortable without air-conditioning. Most large-scale buildings today use air-conditioning to control indoor temperature. An AC works on thermodynamic principles, drawing in warm indoor air, cooling it using refrigeration coils and blowing chilled air into the room, while releasing heat outdoors.

Throughout history, people have developed various innovative ways of cooling themselves, from hand fans to cooling screens to wind towers. In 1902, the modern air conditioner was devised by British engineer Willis Carrier, who first developed this system not for human comfort but for a printing company to keep the paper cool and dry. Eventually, he improvised his design and the AC industry was created and spread rapidly to shops, offices, movie theatres, factories and houses.

ACs are a double-edged sword: they make summers more pleasant, but they guzzle energy and contribute to climate change. Energy-conscious innovators today are trying to find ways to practise natural cooling and reduce dependence on ACs. Nevertheless, ACs had a massive impact on how buildings are designed, and how humans get through their summers.

Fun Fact: The companies that these two innovators started are running till today: Otis Elevators and Carrier Global!